Versions Compared

Key

  • This line was added.
  • This line was removed.
  • Formatting was changed.

...

...

...

Quick links

Table of Contents
maxLevel1
exclude.*\..*|Quick.*

Compatibility - iOS

Following table lists all supported combinations of Practique application and Apple iOS versions with indication on which versions of iOS Practique application has been extensively tested.

...

Practique version

...

titleiOS 8 support

Current versions of Practique 5.x.x do not support iOS 8, support for this version of iOS has been dropped on 1st September 2016.

...

titleLegend


Info

Minimum iOS version

The minimum required version of iOS is 12.0


Info

To give you control, please set the iPad to NOT auto update

Under Settings > General > Software Update > Please ensure iPads have 'Automatic Updates' set to OFF

Under Settings > iTunes & App Store > Automatic Downloads > 'Updates' or 'App Updates' set to OFF


Info

Dark Mode

"Dark" mode, introduced in iPadOS 13, is not supported by Practique. However, from release 6.2.3 activating it will not have any affect on the user experience. In earlier releases some UI elements, such as text, may not be visible to the user. If you are experiencing issues please update to 6.2.3+


Following table lists all supported combinations of Practique application and Apple iOS versions with indication on which versions of iOS Practique application has been extensively tested.

Practique version

iOS 10.x

iOS 12.x

>= iPadOS 13.x

>= 8.x.x

No

Yes

Yes

>= 6.x.x

iOS 10.3+

Yes

Yes


Info

Legend

No - Not supported for the iOS version

Yes? - Supported, testing required

Yes - Supported, fully tested


Compatibility - Hardware

The current Practique release is supported on iOS8 and iOS9 iOS12.0 and above, which means that in order to use Practique for iPad you need to have iPad device which is able to run iOS 8 or iOS 9. Table bellow shows compatibility of iPad devices with iOS8 and iOS9at least this version.

If you need to identify your device you can use use httpuse https://wwwsupport.everymacapple.com/ultimateen-mac-lookupie/HT201471

Some devices do not support new features (Slide Over, Picture-in-Picture, Split View, Transit in maps) of iOS 9newer OS versions. Practique does not use any of these features so any iOS 9 12.0 compatible device is fully compatible with Practique.

Device

iOS

8

iOS <9.3

*denotes partial iOS9 support

iOS >=9.3iOS 10Practique

iPad 1

(iPad1,1)

12

iPadOS 13+

Practique

iPad

No

No

No

iPad mini

No

No

No

iPad mini 2

Yes

No

Yes

iPad mini 3

Yes

No

No

Yes

iPad

Mini 1(iPad2,5)

mini 4

Yes

Yes

Yes

*

iPad mini 5

Yes

*

No

Yes

Yes

iPad

Mini 2, 3
(iPad2,6, iPad2,7, iPad4,4, iPad4,5, iPad4,6, iPad4,7, iPad4,8, iPad4,9)
YesYes*Yes*

2

No

No

No

iPad (3rd gen)

No

No

No

iPad (4th gen)

No

No

No

iPad (5th gen)

Yes

Yes

Yes

iPad

Mini 4(iPad5,1, iPad5,2

(6th gen)

Yes

Yes

Yes

iPad (7th gen)

-

Yes

Yes

iPad

2(iPad2,1, iPad2,2, iPad2,3, iPad2,4)

(8th gen)

-

Yes

Yes

*

iPad Air

Yes

*

No

Yes

iPad

3(iPad3,1, iPad3,2, iPad3,3)

Air 2

Yes

Yes

*

Yes

*

iPad Air 3

Yes

*

No

Yes

Yes

iPad Air 4

(iPad3,4, iPad3,5, iPad3,6)

-

Yes

*

Yes

*

iPad Pro 9.7"

Yes

*

Yes

Yes

iPad

Air

(iPad4,1, iPad4,2, iPad4,3)

YesYes*Yes*

Pro 10.5"

Yes

Yes

Yes

iPad Pro 11"

Yes

Yes

Yes

iPad

Air 2

(iPad5,3, iPad5,4)

YesYes

Pro 11" (2nd gen)

-

Yes

Yes

iPad Pro 12.9"

Yes

Yes

Yes

iPad Pro 12.

9" &

9

.7

"

(iPad6,7, iPad6,8, iPad6,3, iPad6,4

(2nd gen)

Yes

Yes

Yes

iPad Pro 12.9" (3rd gen)

Yes

Yes

Known issues

This section describes known issues of the Practique application which were either known by the time respective version has been released or has been reported by the QA team or customers hitting issues during live scenarios. Each of the know issues is documented here with corresponding version numbers it is affecting.

KI-6: Previous candidate marksheet switches to amended state unexpectedly while marking next candidate

2nd May 2017, >= 5.0.3 / to be fixed

After marking a candidate and this going green on the candidate list, when you select the next candidate and return to the candidate list once finishing marking the previous candidate was highlighted orange and the marksheet has automatically go into amend marksheet. This issue is sporadic and depends on the OSCE size as well as the rate of activity of the Examiners marking for that particular exam.

This issue does not alter, corrupt marks or cause data loss, marks are collected at the time of the initial submission for previous candidate as well as submission for the 2nd candidate.

At the moment workaround is to instruct Examiners to select the Candidate (which became amended) and re-submit the marksheet without any changes.

KI-5: Login/Logout information for an Examiner may be in accurate on the Marshall screen

24th April 2017, >= 5.0.3 / to be fixed

Under certain circumstances there may be a case where Examiner is indicated as logged out on the Marshall screen despite he is logged-in and the iPad is connected to WiFi and communicates with the server.

No known workaround for this issue at the moment. Examiner can continue marking and as long as marks are indicated at submitted on the Marshall screen there is no impact to the functionality.

KI-4: Application is stuck with "Unable to update list of published exams from Practique server" message

>= 5.0.0, <= 5.0.2 / fixed in 5.0.3

Practique application could get stuck while updating list of exams from Practique Server. This situation would be mostly affecting customers who run bigger, multiple concurrent exams (multi-site) with independent timing. This scenario produces volume and frequency of the data synchronisation which would impact updating exams from the server.

Application would eventually recover from this state on it's own without user action, however it may take several minutes. As workaround it is possible to close the application and retry the update process however should there be high volume of traffic application would get stuck again.

Easiest workaround is to provide spare iPad to the examiner and wait for the affected iPad to recover.

KI-3: Examiner can't login with "You are already logged in on another iPad." message despite they just logged out

>= 5.0.0, <= 5.0.2 / fixed in 5.0.3

Practique application may fail to send logout information to Practique Server when there is high volume of user activity (this can include submitting marks, logouts) due to synchronisation blocking information upload to Practique Server. Exams with 5+ examiners would be affected by this issue. As a result of this situation Examiners who just logged out and wish to login again would not be able to do so due to the fact that Practique Server still considers them logged in.

Workaround for this issue is to logout user via Practique Server. Navigate to your Dashboard and locate affected exam/session. Use View logins screen to access list of users for that session and Logout affected Examiner. Once this is done Examiner will be able to login again.

Image Removed

KI-2: Examiner is unable to mark candidate with "Unable to create Result" message

>= 4.2.1, <= 5.0.2 / fixed in 5.0.3

Practique application may display "Unable to create Result" pop up message to Examiner who tries to mark next candidate as shown on the screenshot on the right. This situation is caused by high synchronisation traffic and usually is triggered when round ends when some Examiners are submitting marks and others are already advancing to the next Candidate. This is mainly in situation when exam is bigger, multi circuit exam with slightly different timings.

Application is designed to recover from this without user interaction (except tapping OK on the alert box). However should the examiner have problems with advancing to the next Candidate it may be necessary to perform following actions:

  1. Amend marksheet for 1st candidate & submit it (nothing needs to be changed just re-submit)
  2. Logout Examiner and close the application (double tap on iPad home button, swipe up on Practique application) and re-login Examiner.

KI-1: Marshall Start round / End round are stuck in disabled state

>= 5.0.0 / to be fixed

In cases where Wi-Fi network is intermittent or when there is a congestion or high volume of traffic Start/Stop round buttons on the Marshall screen may get stuck after tapping on them. This is due to the fact that the iPad has not been able to deliver the information about the user action to the server.

Workaround is to navigate back to the Circuit overview on the marshal iPad and back to the current round. When visiting current round screen buttons will be available again.

Published releases

...

Yes

iPad Pro 12.9" (4th gen)

-

Yes

Yes

Known issues

There may be Known issues with Practique for iPad application which may be applicable to the version of the application which you're currently using.

It is important that you read carefully Known Issues documentation and make yourself familiar with the workarounds which are provided for each of the Known Issue before your exam.

Known Issues are published on Known Issues page for both Practique for Server & Practique for iPad, please read Known Issues page carefully.


...

Upcoming release

Access to the upcoming release is available via TestFlight, Apple's Beta release service.

Please submit a Service Desk ticket if you would like to be included, this will allow you review the upcoming changes and provide feedback.

Published releases

Following list contains release notes for all published releases of Practique for iOS application.

6.2.3

Full Release Notes

6.2.2

Full Release Notes

6.2.1

Full Release Notes

6.2.0

Full Release Notes

6.1.2

Full Release Notes

6.1.0

Full Release Notes

6.0.1

Full Release Notes

5.0.5 - All 5.#.# builds are now deprecated

Essentially the same as 5.0.4 but with project property updates required to support Xcode9+

There is also a change to fix an issue where some lists were not correctly laid out in iOS11+; without this fix the screen needs to be rotated to get the correct layout.

5.0.4 - 10th September 2017

Practique app 5.0.4 is primarily focussed on improving the stability of the app. This includes tackling user reported bugs and making systems architecture improvements to reduce the number of crashes. With this release, the Practique team has spent a significant amount of time performing tests internally but also on-site using our customer's infrastructure to try to simulate real exam conditions as close as possible. We are very grateful for your continued support and participation in building this product with us. 

Fixes

KI-PRAC-IOS-5: Written, OSCE - Login/Logout information for an Examiner may be in accurate on the Marshall screen

In previous versions of the application the login/logout status of the Examiner or the online/offline indication may not be accurate on the Marshall screen or the Backend.

This has now been fixed and the application updates the information correctly and in a timely manner. Keep in mind that due to the changes on the Practique Server, there may be a delay (by default 10s, configurable) for the information to be distributed from the Practique Server to the applications. This delay was introduced in Practique Server 5.2.1 version in order to manage excessive load on the server.

KI-PRAC-IOS-2: OSCE - Examiners may occasionally encounter "Unable to create result" error message

Please refer to the Known issues page for the description of the issue.

The Practique application has been updated to minimise the possibility for the issue to occur.

KI-PRAC-IOS-6: OSCE - Previous candidate marksheet switches to amended state unexpectedly while marking the next candidate

Please refer to the Known issues page for description of the issue.

Handling of the visual feedback for examiner list has been fixed so that the Submitted (Green), Changed/Pending (Amber) colour coding is accurately provided to the examiners.

KI-PRAC-IOS-7KI-PRAC-IOS-4KI-PRAC-IOS-3KI-PRAC-IOS-1 - Synchronisation issues when server is under heavy load or when running larger exams

There were issues in that the Practique for iPad application did not handle the situation well when the Practique Server became overloaded with traffic or when the exam was large in size. The behaviours on the application ranged from users being unable to login and the exam list not updating. You can read about the details of the issues further on the linked Known Issues page.

Practique for iPad has been put under heavy testing for scenarios such as overloaded Practique Server as well as poor Wi-Fi scenario. Issues arising from when the application gets stuck or does not handle slow response from Practique server gracefully has been fixed.

PRACIOS-220, PRACIOS-179, PRACIOS-181: Written, OSCE - It is possible to login to already completed sessions

Previously users were able to log in to already completed sessions due to the bug in validation of the credentials which did not take into account the status of the session.

This has been fixed and once the session is complete it is no longer possible for users to log in to that session.

PSD-829: Written - Question stem may disappear for number of questions

When a written exam is big in size (60+ questions) and contains Images and HTML markup in question stems and options, there may be a situation when for some questions stems are not displayed after candidates are working with the application for a longer period of time. This is due to the memory consumption which rises over the time to the point when it causes the above issue.

Practique for iPad application has been updated to manage memory consumption much better to prevent the issue.

PRACIOS-217: Written, OSCE - Exam list will not update automatically when iPad reconnects to Wi-Fi

Bug in detection of the online/offline status prevented list of exams to be automatically updated when Wi-Fi connection is lost or intermittent.

This has now been fixed and application will automatically update the list of exams when it comes online as expected.

PRACIOS-211 OSCE - Application crashes when application is minimised by pressing the "Home" button on the iPad

Fixed bug which occurred when a user is logged in, the exam is reset, the user then is presented with a block list and proceeds to press the home button. 

PRACIOS-190 OSCE - Application crash for candidates when logged in as candidate to iPad and tries to return to the same station he/she has just completed

When a candidate is logged into the iPad, clicks on a station, marks the station as complete, returns to the list of stations and clicks on the same station he/she has just completed, a crash occurred. This was fixed by modifying the timing of internal processes in the system. 

Improvements

PRACIOS-222 - Support independent configuration of HTTP/WS network services

Under certain technical constraints it is better to have various network services configured independently. This was not possible in the previous versions and the application has been updated to support such scenarios.

PRACIOS-205: Written, OSCE - Difficult to select session in as exam list updating constantly

As the text of the message on the screen when updating was on two lines instead of one, the list of exams changed position when an update was in progress. This meant that the user would select the wrong session by mistake.

This has been fixed and the exam list does not change position anymore.

PRACIOS-210 Written, OSCE - System architecture improvement to prevent crashes when processing Results

PRACIOS-212 Written, OSCE - System architecture improvement to improve processing of Block list and Login

PRACIOS-126 Written, OSCE - Memory leaks 

Primarily affecting written exams due to memory consumption, systems improvement in the way data is cache to reduce memory consumption

5.0.3 - 21st April 2017

Improvements

Introduction of Resource captions (since Practique Server 5.2.0)

...

It is now possible to use Retry button also reason for the failure provided for troubleshooting.

Fixes

PSD-626, PSD-646, PSD-514, PSD-701: OSCE - Synchronisation fixes

Synchronisation changes in Practique for iOS in version 5.x.x introduced behaviours which caused issues during the OSCE exams, Written exams we're not affected due to the fact that Written exams do not synchronise one iPad dataset onto all other iPads as it is in case with OSCE. Nature of the issues would be not regular/deterministic and the rate of occurrence depends on the timing of the Examiner activity as well as size of the exam (especially multiple-concurrent exams).

Issues:

    • Application stuck on "Updating exam list screen".

    • Examiner iPads may got stuck at certain rounds while marshals already moved to next rounds.

    • After session is finished Examiners report problems logging in with message "Already logged in".

    • Examiners would appear logged in on Marshal & Practique Server while logged out on iPad.

    • Start/Stop round for Marshal would freeze after tapping and it would not be possible to end round

Issues has been fixed by separating the synchronisation of the data from the Practique Server (and reprioritising this activity) from the User initiated actions such as Start/Stop rounds. As well application now attempts to perform synchronisation after it finishes with User initiated messages and marks upload in order to make sure it is always up to date.

...

5.0.2 - 7th February 2017

Fixes

PSD-488, PSD-541: Written - Order of questions in Written exam was not maintained on the iPad

...

5.0.1 - 19th January 2017

Fixes

PRACIOS-176: Written, OSCE - Fix crash when synchronisation received reset exam message

...

In both cases Practique application

    • Provides list of exams which are currently published on the backend

    • Allows users to select Exam/Session combination to synchronise and login

Please note that the application now synchronise Exam data when user selects the exam which they wish to login. This is different behaviour from from the previous versions where application simply automatically synchronise one single active exam automatically when opened. In this version of application user needs first to select Exam/Session combination to initiate synchronisation for the selected exam.

Improvements

End of official support for iOS 8.x for the Practique application

Practique application has been updated to support latest versions of iOS9 & iOS10. Application will be actively tested and supported only on these versions of iOS.

Fixed problems with Single Application Mode iOS 10

Practique application opts out from Slide Over and Split View (please refer to About Multitasking on your iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch for more details) to retain previous behaviour on iOS 10

Application Information device IP address fixed on iOS 10

Application 3rd party dependencies has been updated for iOS 10

Expose application log files and crash logs via iTunes file sharing

Practique application automatically uploads diagnostic log files to Practique server in background without any interaction required from the users. In order to make this process more transparent and provide means to extract required diagnostic information even in case where there is no network connectivity, these diagnostic log files are accessible via iTunes File sharing (see About File Sharing on iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch for more details).

These diagnostic log files are used by Support team to troubleshoot when you encounter issues with the iPad application and you may be asked to provide these files to the Support team.

Security

Support for client/server Certificate pinning for improved security

Implementation of server certificate pinning for HTTPS transfers

Implement Server certificate pinning for WebSocket connections between iPad & Server

Fixes

Possible loss of marks when running an OSCE exam

Under certain exam conditions when there is large amount of examiners participating in exam 50+ there may occur issue with iPad application mark persistence which results in loss of marks. Issue is very rare and may not manifest during the exam at all or occurs for very few stations (<=2) during the exam.

Symptoms & Impact

Issue can be detected by observing marshal screen and identifying examiners which are indicated as online but do not have any marks submitted for several examination rounds despite the fact that their iPad (when physically checked by the marshal) is online and marksheets have been submitted by the examiner (green bars on the examiner screen). When detecting the issue make sure that iPad is on-line not to confuse the issue with normal off-line mode of the iPad.

Should the issue occur examiners are allowed to submit marks for whole session onto their iPads. Marks would be appearing as submitted but Practique server would not receive any marks for that examiner/station. Once examiner does log-out or application is closed the marks would be lost. When examiner does login again to the exam he would be presented with the list of candidates where only first candidate would indicate marks being submitted and the rest of the candidates would miss the submitted marks.

Fix & Prevention

Application now provides means both in user interface as well as internally to avoid any loss of marks.

Internal measures include making sure that the marks are saved to the filesystem (log file) when Examiner submits the marksheet before attempting to send or save marks to database in order to minimise possibility of any side effects preventing marks to be saved due to influence of problems in different parts of the infrastructure. Log files are also exposed to the IT teams which can extract log file and provide it to the Support team for marks recovery.

Measures from the user perspective include visual warning when such situation should occur and providing means for the user to recover from the situation and continue their marking without any impact on the marks or their marking.

4.2.2 - 2nd June 2016

Fixes

PSD-241: Rows randomly disappear / reorder on Marshal Schedule screen (see screenshot)Image Modified

Should your exam have a high number of stations this is a recommended update.

Under certain conditions rows on the Marshal Schedule screen could disappear when scrolling up and down. The issue is not consistent and may be difficult to reproduce, however it should be possible to reproduce when:

  1. Round has a high number of rooms (15 for example, more than can fit on the iPad screen) so Marshal needs to scroll up/down

  2. There are some marks submitted already for that round for one of the rooms which is off screen (for example 15th room on that round)

  3. Marshal views the Schedule screen and slowly scrolls down to 15th room and then slowly scrolls up

  4. At this point the last row may disappear and as Marshal scrolls up some of the top rows may appear empty

Should this issue occur it would be in both portrait and landscape orientations. It manifests by the rows disappearing at random and appearing again as user slowly scrolls up/down.

...

Marshal Schedule screen has been reviewed and fixed. Scrolling on those screens works as expected and rows do not change order or disappear in any way.

4.2.1 - 15th April 2016

Fixes

PRACIOS-145: Fix validation for required answers after CSP has been deselected

When marksheet with required answers contained CSP question which has been marked validation of the marksheet has been correctly disabled so that it can be submitted incomplete. However when the CSP question has been deselected the validation of required answers as not be re-enabled resulting in situation when Examiner may have submit incomplete marksheet.

This has been fixed and validation is re-enabled when any/all CSP questions are deselected.

4.2.0 - 12th April 2016 2016 (requires Practique Server version >=4.3.0)

 New features

 Critical  Critical Stop Points (CSP)

Critical Stop Points functionality provides means for Examiners to quickly fail Candidate in cases such as endangering an animal or themselves, serious professional concerns and so on. This feature is available via Marksheet authoring on Practique Server, for more information about how to use CSP please refer to Practique Server release notes.

In terms of Practique for iPad Critical Stop Points influence how the marksheet is validated on the iPad before it is submitted by the Examiner. This is only change to the behaviour of the Practique for iPad application, there are not User Interface changes for this feature.

If you do not setup your marksheet to use observation criteria marked as CSP then Practique for iPad remains the same as in previous versions.

Validation in detail:

  1. Marksheet without any CSP question is valid and can be submitted when ALL mandatory questions are answered otherwise it is not valid and can not be submitted (this is behaviour prior to version 4.2.0)

  2. If marksheet contains one (or more) CSP questions validation takes this into account and

    1. marksheet is considered valid if at least one CSP is selected regardless mandatory questions - This means that when student fails station early during the interview Examiner does not need to fill in whole marksheet with dummy marks and is allowed to submit incomplete marksheet.

    2. marksheet is considered valid if no CSP questions are selected and ALL mandatory questions are selected

    3. marksheet is considered invalid if no CSP questions are selected and any of mandatory questions are missing answers (this is behaviour prior to version 4.2.0)

4.1.0 - 5th April 2016 2016 (requires Practique Server version >=4.1.0)

...

Presentation and impacts of this feature

  • Examiner is notified that Candidate did not attend by updating their schedule. Candidate name is displayed in grey colour and strikethrough style: John Doe

  • Examiner is no longer able to enter marks for Candidate who did not attend

  • Marshal screens correctly reflect the number of expected marks taking into account Did Not Attend information

Examiner independent marking

...

How does Independent marking influence Examiner & Marshal screens?

  • Examiner can mark any Candidate on their schedule

  • Examiner Schedule screen no longer indicates current round

  • Examiner Case screen no longer notifies that the Examiner is looking at the wrong candidate

  • Examiner Case screen no longer notifies Examiner that current round is not started

  • Marshall Circuit Overview screen no longer indicates current round

  • Marshall Round Overview screen does not provide functionality to manage rounds

Marshal Circuit OverviewImage Removed


...

New Circuit Overview screen gives Marshals clear view of the status for their whole Circuit.

Information provided for the Marshall include:

  • list of all rounds for the circuit

  • total number of submitted marks

  • total number of marks expected to be submitted

  • number of marks submitted for each round

  • number of marks expected for each round

  • indication which round is Current indicated with the red bar

  • indication of round status in terms of marks

    • Complete - Green - All marks submitted

    • Incomplete - Amber - Some marks pending

    • Pending - Grey - No marks submitted




4.0.5 - 5th April 2016

Fixes

PRACIOS-128: Written - Inform Server when user finishes exam

When user uses ‘Finish & Logout’ feature iPad application now informs server that the user finished his exam so that this information can be accurately displayed on the View Logins screen.

PRACIOS-56: Written - Exit SAM (Single Application Mode) when Login screen is displayed

When user did not use ‘Finish & Logout’ feature but just logged out while the SAM is enabled users iPad remains in the SAM even after the exam is finished by the exam team.

...

4.0.2 - 18th February 2016

Improvements

PRACIOS-115, PSD-192: When Marksheet amendments are allowed do not display “You cannot reverse this action.” as part of the submit marks confirmation message

Fixes

PRACIOS-113, PSD-191: Protect against possible rare conditions resulting in marks corruption

...

PRACIOS-98: Fixed rare application crash when user tried to open Application Details screen (using (info)(info)) while iPad was disconnected from the WiFi

...

PSD-169: Unable to launch app in offline mode under certain circumstances

4.0.0 Comenius - 8th January 2016

This is major release of Practique for iPad, please refer to separate release notes 4.0.0 Comenius.

2.1.28 - 26th November 2015

  • PRAC-756: Written, prepare HTML content for first question, to prevent rendering problems

  • PRAC-755: Written, fix highlighting of the selected answers

  • PRAC-754: Written, fix rendering of the list of Answers on iOS9

2.1.27 - 24th November 2015

...

Please upgrade your iPads to at least this version of the application.

  • Re-releasing application with new Apple code signing certificates with validity till November 2018

  • PRAC-716: Fix handling of the boolean fields for OSCE which caused problems when accepting marks from iPads

  • Fixed incrementing of the build number (Shown in Application information section > Build) to provide accurate build number

2.1.26 - 15th October 2015

  • Prevent crash when transitioning from mark sheet to the bypass round (eg. where round does not have MarkSheet)

2.1.25 - 9th October 2015

  • Updating application settings imposed by Apple Transport Security

2.1.23 & 2.1.24 - 6th September 2015

  • New features: Allow examiners to amend mark sheet on the iPad

  • iOS9 necessary compatibility changes

    • Remove the separator insets and layout guide rendering.

    • Fix marksheet rendering

2.1.22 - 1st September 2015

  • Fixed problem when upgrading applications from previous versions may not be initialised properly.


...

Document change history

Change History